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The Tiele (), also named Chile (), Gaoche (), or Tele〔M. R. Drompp,''Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history,'' BRILL, 2005, (p. 41, n. 7. )〕 (), were a confederation of nine Turkic peoples living to the north of China and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling people. The Tiele were a collection of tribes of different Turkic ethnic origins, largely descended from the Chile, presupposing a Tiele-Tingling identity back to the 3rd century BCE.〔(Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. Volumes 3-4 ). 1983. p.111〕 ==Chile and Gaoche== The name "Chile" and "Gaoche" first appear in Chinese records during the campaigns of Former Yan and Dai in 357 and 363 respectively. However, the protagonists were also addressed as "Dingling" in the records of the Southern Dynasties.〔Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 16-18, 197.〕 The name ''gao'' (high) ''che'' (cart) was a nickname given by the Chinese.〔Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 11-12.〕〔Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21-26.〕 By the time of the Rouran domination, the Gaoche comprised six tribes〔1. Di (狄) 2. Yuanhe (袁纥) 3. Hulu (斛律) 4. Jiepi (解批) 5. Hugu (护骨) 6. Yiqijin (异奇斤).〕 and twelve clans.〔1. Qifuli (泣伏利) 2. Tulu (吐卢) 3. Yizhan (乙旃) 4. Dalian (大连) 5. Kuhe (窟贺) 6. Dabogan (达薄干) 7. A-Lun (阿仑) 8. Moyun (莫允) 9. Qifen (俟分) 10. Fufuluo (副伏罗) 11. Qige (乞袁) 12. Youshupei (右叔沛).〕〔Suribadalaha,"New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols", p. 34-35.〕〔Li, "A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang", p. 113.〕 One group known as the Eastern Gaoche (东部高车) probably dwelled from the Onon River to Lake Baikal (巳尼陂). However, their relationship with the rest of the Gaoche and its tribal components is unclear.〔Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 185-186.〕 In 391 the Rouran chief, Heduohan (曷多汗) was killed by the Tuoba Northern Wei. Heduohan's brother Shelun raided several tribal dependencies of the Tuoba in retaliation, but reportedly suffered a serious defeat in 399, and was forced to flee westward. Here Shelun defeated the Hulu (斛律) tribe and subjugated them. With the aid of a Hulu named Chiluohou (叱洛侯), Shelun conquered most of the Gaoche tribes and proclaimed himself Kaghan of the Rouran on March 11, 402. Many Gaoche, such as Chiluohou, were promoted to establish better control.〔Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 208-211.〕〔Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 7,105 (Vol.27).〕 During the reign of Shelun and his successor Datan, the Rouran pushed as far as the Issyk Kul, where they defeated the Wusun and drove them to the south. In the east they raided the Northern Wei before they were defeated on June 16, 429.〔Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 213-214, 228.〕〔Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 7,671 (Vol.30).〕 Afterwards, as many as 1.5 million Gaoche were said to be captured and settled to areas adjacent to the capital Pingcheng in the south. After this settlement they were called the Western Chile (西部敕勒), including a section of the Ordos Desert south of the Yellow River known as the Hexi Chile ()), the Eastern Chile (东部敕勒), between Wuzhou (武周) and the capital suburbs), and the Northern Chile (北部敕勒), to the north and around the borders. The greater part of the latter two possibly fled back to the steppe and were not heard of after 524 and 445 respectively. The Western Chile (mainly the Hulu and Tiele related to Fufuluo's Qifuli (泣伏利) clan) rebelled between 524－526, moved further south and were eventually assimilated.〔Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 272-273, 315-320.〕 With the loss of numerous subjects and vital resources, the Rouran went into a temporary decline. However, in 460 they launched new campaigns in the west, destroying the remnant of Northern Liang. During a campaign against Khotan in 470, the king wrote in his supplicatory letter to the Toba Emperor that all of the statelets in the west had submitted to the Rouran. In 472, Yucheng attacked Northern Wei across the western border. By the time of his death in 485, Yucheng had restored the Kaghanate to a status even more powerful than the times of Datan. During these wars, a southwestern Gaoche tribal group known as the Fufuluo united twelve clans and rebelled, but were defeated by the Rouran. They escaped and established a state northwest of Gaochang in 487. From then on, little is known about the rest of the Gaoche until the Göktürks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tiele people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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